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人力资源杂志
2005/08/26 幻想的边疆
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES (ISSN: 0022-166X)
Issue:牋牋牋牋?Vol. 40 No. 3
IDS#:牋牋牋牋牋 953DV
Alert Expires:?15 SEP 2005
Number of Articles in Issue:?9 (9 included in this e-mail)
Organization ID:?b69ab6d87c5e672f3fafb34c395becd6
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*Pages: 533-558 (Article)
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Title:
Promoting school readiness in Oklahoma - An evaluation of Tulsa's pre-K program
Authors:
Gormley, WT; Gayer, T
Source:
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 40 (3): 533-558; SUM 2005
Abstract:
Since the mid-1990s, three states, including Oklahoma, have established a
universal pre-kindergarten (pre-K) program. We analyze the effects of Oklahoma's
universal pre-kindergarten (pre-K) program forfour-year-olds on children in
Tulsa Public Schools (TPS). The main difficulty with testing the causal impact
of a voluntary pre-K program is that certain parents are more likely to select
pre-K, and these parents might have other unobservable characteristics that
influence the test outcomes of their children. Because TPS administered an
identical test in September 2001 to children just beginning pre-K and children
just beginning kindergarten, we can compare test outcomes of "old"
pre-kindergarten students to test outcomes of "young" kindergarten students who
attended pre-K the previous year We find that the Tulsa pre-K program increases
cognitive/knowledge scores by approximately 0.39 standard deviation, motor
skills scores by approximately 0.24 standard deviation, and language!
?scores by approximately 0.38 standard deviation. Impacts tend to be
largest,for Hispanics, followed by blacks, with little impact for whites.
Children who qualify for a free lunch have larger impacts than other children.
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*Pages: 559-590 (Article)
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Title:
Court-ordered desegregation - Successes and failures integrating American
schools since Brown versus Board of Education
Authors:
Reber, SJ
Source:
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 40 (3): 559-590; SUM 2005
Abstract:
This paper uses a new methodology to assess the effects of court-ordered
desegregation plans on segregation and white enrollment. I then assess what
characteristics of districts art, predictive of having more or less white flight
when desegregation plans are implemented. I exploit the wide variation in the
timing of implementation of desegregation plans to identify their effects. I
find strong evidence that segregation fell when districts implemented
desegregation plans; plans were also associated with significant white
enrollment losses that offset about one-third of the within-district reductions
in segregation. White flight was particularly severe in districts with more
public school districts in the same metropolitan area.
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*Pages: 591-620 (Article)
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Title:
Relative deprivation, poor health habits, and mortality
Authors:
Eibner, C; Evans, WN
Source:
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 40 (3): 591-620; SUM 2005
Abstract:
Using individual-level data on males from the 1988-91 National Health Interview
Survey Multiple Cause of Death Files, we examine the impact of relative
deprivation within a reference group on health. We define reference groups using
combinations of state, race, education, and age. High relative deprivation in
the sense of Yitzhaki is associated with a higher probability of death, worse
self-reported health, higher self-reported limitations, higher body mass index,
and an increased probability of taking health risks.
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*Pages: 621-646 (Article)
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Title:
Do trust and trustworthiness pay off ?
Authors:
Slemrod, J; Katuscak, P
Source:
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 40 (3): 621-646; SUM 2005
Abstract:
Are individuals who trust others better off than those who do not? Do
trustworthy people prosper more than untrustworthy ones? We formulate and, using
data front the World Values Survey, empirically evaluate predictions about the
relationship between an individual's income and his self-reported attitudes
toward trust and trustworthiness, and predictions about how these relationships
ore mediated by the average level of trust and trustworthiness in the country.
On average, exhibiting trust has a positive, while exhibiting trustworthiness
has a negative impact on income. More strikingly, the payoff to being
trustworthy increases with the average level of trust in a given country.
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*Pages: 647-659 (Article)
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Title:
Do tenured and tenure-track faculty matter?
Authors:
Ehrenberg, RG; Zhang, L
Source:
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 40 (3): 647-659; SUM 2005
Abstract:
During the last two decades, there has been a significant growth in the share of
faculty members at American colleges and universities that are employed in
part-time or full-time nontenure-track positions. Our study is the first to
address whether the increased usage of such faculty adversely affects
undergraduate students' graduation rates. Using institutional level panel data
from the College Board and other sources, our econometric analyses suggest that
the increased usage of these faculty types does adversely affect graduation
rates at four-year colleges, with the largest impact on students being felt at
the public master's level institutions.
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*Pages: 660-682 (Article)
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Title:
Are middle schools more effective? The impact of school structure on student
outcomes
Authors:
Bedard, K; Do, C
Source:
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 40 (3): 660-682; SUM 2005
Abstract:
While nearly half of all school districts have adopted middle schools, there is
little quantitative evidence of the efficacy of this educational structure. We
estimate the impact of moving from a junior high school system, where students
stay in elementary school longer to a middle school system for on-time high
school completion. This is a particularly good outcome measure because middle
school advocates argued that this new system would be especially helpful for
lower achieving students. In contrast to the stated objective, we find that
moving to a middle school system decreases on-time high school completion by
approximately 1-3 percent.
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*Pages: 683-715 (Article)
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Title:
Teenage childbearing and its life cycle consequences - Exploiting a natural
experiment
Authors:
Hotz, VJ; McElroy, SW; Sanders, SG
Source:
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 40 (3): 683-715; SUM 2005
Abstract:
We exploit a "natural experiment" associated with human reproduction to identify
the causal effect of teen childbearing on the socioeconomic attainment of teen
mothers. We exploit the fact that some women who become pregnant experience a
miscarriage and do not have a live birth. Using miscarriages an instrumental
variable, we estimate the effect of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing
on their subsequent attainment. We find that many of the negative consequences
of teenage childbearing are much smaller than those found in previous studies.
For most outcomes, the adverse consequences of early childbearing are
short-lived. Finally, for annual hours of work and earnings, we find that a teen
mother would have lower levels of each at older ages if they had delayed their
childbearing.
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*Pages: 716-743 (Article)
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Title:
Estimating long-term consequences of teenage childbearing - An examination of
the siblings approach
Authors:
Holmlund, H
Source:
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 40 (3): 716-743; SUM 2005
Abstract:
Within-family estimates have been considered a remedy to selection bias in
estimates of long-run consequences of teen motherhood. A major critique, however
is that heterogeneity within the family might still bias the estimates. Using
Swedish data on biological sisters, I revisit the question of the consequences
of teenage motherhood. My contribution lies in controlling for heterogeneity
within the family by using premotherhood school performance, a characteristic
that differs across sisters. My findings confirm the presumption that
within-fitmily heterogeneity can result in biased sibling estimates. Moreover my
results show that when controlling for school performance, the siblings approach
and a traditional cross-section yield similar coefficients.
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*Pages: 744-768 (Article)
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Title:
Long-term illness and wages - The impact of the risk of occupationally related
long-term illness on earnings
Authors:
Sandy, R; Elliott, RF
Source:
JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 40 (3): 744-768; SUM 2005
Abstract:
Long-term illness (LTI) is a more prevalent workplace risk than fatal accidents
but there is virtually no evidence,for compensating differentials for a broad
measure of LTI. In 1990 almost 3.4 percent of the U.K. adult population
suffieredfrom a LTI caused solely, by their working conditions. This paper
provides the first estimates of compensating differentials for a broad measure
of work-related LTI. Using data on self-reported illnesses we find Significant
CDs for male manual workers but nonefbr male nonmanual workers. These results
are robust to the addition of variablesfor the risk of accidental at-work
deaths.
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